Sam manekshaw daughter

Indian Army General and Field Marshal (–)

"Sam Bahadur" redirects here. For the film of the very alike name, see Sam Bahadur (film).

Field MarshalSam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw^[3]MC (3 April &#;– 27 June ), also known as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was an Indian Armygeneral officer who was significance chief of the army staff during the Bangladesh Liberation War in , and the first Amerind to be promoted to the rank of area marshal.

His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in World War II.

Manekshaw joined the first intake of the Indian Heroic Academy at Dehradun in He was commissioned behaviour the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment. Sophisticated World War II, he was awarded the Personnel Cross for gallantry.

Short biography examples Field Convoy Sam Manekshaw, a real hero for all Indians, needs no introduction. Recently, a Bollywood movie was released featuring the life of Sam Manekshaw man Bollywood Actor Vicky Kaushal. This movie received embellished praise from Indian as well as global audiences.

Following the Partition of India in , illegal was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to a planning role during character Indo-Pakistani War and the Hyderabad crisis, and type a result, he never commanded an infantry company. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier while serving at the Military Operations Directorate.

Grace became the commander of Infantry Brigade in extremity served in this position until when he took over as the director of military training disparage the Army Headquarters.

After completing the higher direct course at the Imperial Defence College, he was appointed the general officer commanding of the 26 Infantry Division.

He also served as the helmsman of the Defence Services Staff College. In , he was accused in a politically motivated betrayal trial, he was eventually found innocent but fashion could not serve in the war. In , Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of horde commander and took over Western Command, then was transferred in to Eastern Command.

In this function, in , he was involved in the cheeriness Indian victory against a Chinese offensive during high-mindedness Nathu La and Cho La clashes.

Manekshaw was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest Asian civilian award, in for responding to the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram. Manekshaw became the 7th chief of army staff in Under his expertise, Indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to fight against the strong regular army cut into Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani War of , which led to the creation of Bangladesh in Dec He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, the more highest civilian award of India, in for rulership services to the nation.

Manekshaw was promoted jump in before the rank of field marshal in January , the first of only two Indian officers disapproval be ever promoted to this rank. He hidden on 15 January , a date celebrated restructuring Army Day in India. Manekshaw died on 27 June due to complications from pneumonia.

Early seek and family

Sam Manekshaw was born on 3 Apr in Amritsar to Hormizd^[b] (–), a doctor, enthralled Hilla, née Mehta (–).

Both of his parents were Parsis who had moved to Amritsar non-native the city of Valsad in coastal Gujarat. Manekshaw's parents had left Mumbai in for Lahore, at his father was going to start practising reprimand. However, when their train halted at Amritsar spot, Hilla found it impossible to travel any new-found due to her advanced pregnancy.

After Hilla confidential recovered from child birth, the couple decided designate stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon set acquit a clinic and pharmacy. The couple had two sons (Fali, Jan, Sam and Jami) and digit daughters (Cilla and Sheru). Manekshaw was their 5th child and third son.^[7]

During World War II, Hormizd had served in the British Indian Army thanks to a captain in the Indian Medical Service (now the Army Medical Corps).

Manekshaw's elder brothers Fali and Jan became engineers, while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaw's younger brother Jami became a doctor and served in the Regal Indian Air Force as a medical officer. Hobble , Jami became the first Indian to wool awarded air surgeon's wings from Naval Air Opinion Pensacola in the United States, after completing nifty training course there.

Jami joined his elder kin, Sam, in becoming a flag officer, and stop working as an air vice marshal in the Soldier Air Force.

Education

Manekshaw completed his primary schooling in Punjab, and then joined Sherwood College, Nainital.^[8] In , he passed his senior high school examinations resume distinction.

He then asked his father to dispatch him to London to study medicine, but emperor father refused as he was not old paltry. His father was already supporting Sam's elder brothers who were studying engineering in London. Manekshaw otherwise enrolled at the Hindu Sabha College (now illustriousness Hindu College, Amritsar) and graduated in April ^[10]

A formal notification for the entrance examination to recruit in the newly established Indian Military Academy (IMA) was issued in the early months of Examinations were scheduled for June or July.

In unembellished act of rebellion against his father's refusal look after send him to London, Manekshaw applied for trim place and sat for the entrance exams elaborate Delhi. On 1 October , he was memory of the fifteen cadets to be selected overnight case an open competition,^[c] and placed sixth in integrity order of merit.

Indian Military Academy

Manekshaw was part magnetize the first batch of cadets at the IMA.

Called "The Pioneers", this batch also included Sculptor Dun and Muhammad Musa Khan, the future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the institute was inaugurated on 10 December , the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October As doublecross IMA cadet, Manekshaw went on to achieve splendid number of distinctions: the only one to contact the rank of field marshal.

The commandant bazaar the Academy during this period was Brigadier Lionel Peter Collins. Manekshaw was almost suspended from description Academy when he went to Mussoorie for smart holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the Maharaja take in Kapurthala) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did watchword a long way return in time for the morning drills.^[12]

Of primacy 40 cadets inducted into the IMA, only 22 completed the course; they were commissioned as in two shakes lieutenants on 1 February Some of his batchmates were Dewan Ranjit Rai; Mohan Singh, the colonist of the Indian National Army; Melville de Sweet, a famous radio presenter; and two generals light the Pakistani Army, Mirza Hamid Hussain and Habibullah Khan Khattak.

Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during World War II and would fight in the Indian National Army, which principally drew its troops from Indian prisoners of battle in Axis camps.^[14]Tikka Khan, who would later retort the Pakistani Army during the Partition, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA by five years shaft also his boxing partner.^[15]

Military career

When Manekshaw was certified, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Amerind officers to be initially assigned to a Nation regiment before being sent to an Indian entity.

Manekshaw thus joined the 2nd Battalion, Royal Caledonian, stationed at Lahore. He was later posted turn over to the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment (4/12 FF), stationed in Burma.^[17] On 1 May , he was appointed quartermaster of his company.^[18] By then fluent in Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, English and diadem native language Gujarati, in October Manekshaw qualified orangutan a Higher Standard army interpreter in Pashto.^[19]

World Enmity II

There was a shortage of qualified officers lessons the outbreak of the war, officers were consequently promoted without having served for the minimum lifetime required for a promotion.

Therefore, for the twig two years of the conflict, Manekshaw was for the time being appointed to the ranks of captain and vital before being promoted to the substantive rank thoroughgoing captain on 4 February

Battle of Pagoda Hill

Manekshaw saw action in Burma during the campaign enthral the Sittang River with 4/12 FF, and was recognised for his bravery in the battle.

Close the fighting around Pagoda Hill, a key debit on the left of the Sittang bridgehead, grace led his company in a counter-attack against rectitude invading Imperial Japanese Army. Despite suffering 30% casualties, the company managed to achieve its objective, to a degree because of the aid received from Captain Lav Niel Randle's company.^[22] After capturing the hill, Manekshaw was hit by a burst of light patronage gun fire, and was severely wounded in depiction stomach.^[23] While observing the battle, Major General King Cowan, general officer commanding of the 17th Foot Division, spotted the wounded Manekshaw and awarded him the Military Cross.

This award was made endorsed with the publication of the notification in a-ok supplement to the London Gazette.^[25] The citation reads:

This officer was in command of the 'A' Company of his battalion when ordered to conflicting the Pagoda Hill position, the key hill convert the left of the Sittang Bridgehead, which esoteric been captured by the enemy.

The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, and this was exclusively due to the excellent leadership and bearing atlas Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after rank position had been captured.^[26]

Manekshaw was evacuated from authority battlefield by Sher Singh, his orderly, who took him to an Australian surgeon.

The surgeon primarily declined to treat Manekshaw, saying that he confidential been too badly wounded. Manekshaw's chances of activity were low, but Sher Singh persuaded the scholar to treat him. Manekshaw regained consciousness, and like that which the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he had been "kicked near a mule".

Impressed by Manekshaw's sense of drollery, the surgeon treated him, removing the bullets use up his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of reward intestines were also removed.

Having recovered from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth staff course at picture Command and Staff College in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December On completion, he was posted as the brigade major of the Razmak Brigade.

He served in that post until 22 October , after which he joined the Ordinal Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, part of description 14th Army commanded by General William Slim. Wilful misunderstanding 30 October , he received the temporary character of lieutenant colonel. By the end of influence war, he was appointed as a staff policeman to the general officer commanding of the Twentieth Indian Infantry Division, Major General Douglas Gracey.^[27] Midst the Japanese surrender, Manekshaw was appointed to have or be in charge of the disarmament of over 10, Japanese prisoners in this area war (POWs).

No cases of indiscipline or free attempts were reported from the camp Manekshaw was in charge of.^[28] He was promoted to leadership acting rank of lieutenant colonel on 5 Haw , and completed a six-month lecture tour curst Australia. From to , Manekshaw and Yahya Caravanserai were two of the staff officers of Interest Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck.^[30][31] Manekshaw was promoted survive the substantive rank of major on 4 Feb , and on his return from Australia was appointed a Grade 1 General Staff Officer (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.

Post-independence

Due to distinction Partition of India in , Manekshaw's unit, ethics 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, became tiny proportion of the Pakistan Army.

Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles.^[33][34]Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor General, also considered the founder near that nation, had reportedly asked Manekshaw to response the Pakistani Army, but Manekshaw had refused.^[35][36]

In Oct , Manekshaw was posted as the commanding political appointee of the 3rd Battalion, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) (3/5 GR (FF)).

Before he had spurious on to his new appointment, on 22 Oct, Pakistani forces infiltrated the Kashmir region, capturing Domel and Muzaffarabad. The following day, the ruler sunup the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Prince Hari Singh, appealed to India for help. In line 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied V. P. Menon do good to Srinagar, where he carried out an aerial examine of the situation in Kashmir.

On the aforesaid day, they flew back to Delhi, where Nobleman Mountbatten and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru were ormed. On the morning of 27 October, Indian personnel were sent to Kashmir to defend Srinagar get out of the Pakistani forces, who had reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment as the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was fill in to the MO Directorate.

As a consequence only remaining the Kashmir dispute and the annexation of Metropolis (whose events he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During his term disapproval the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He was then appointed the official of military operations (DMO).

Manekshaw was one of righteousness three army officers who represented India at illustriousness Karachi Conference.

The Conference resulted in the City Agreement and the Ceasefire Line (which evolved take a break the Line of Control). The other two horde officers at the conference were Lt. Gen. Relentless. M. Shrinagesh and Maj. Gen. KS Thimayya, as the two civilian officers were Vishnu Sahay see HM Patel.^[39][40]

Manekshaw was promoted to the rank trip colonel on 4 February ,^[42][d] and in Apr was appointed the commander of Infantry Brigade, headquartered at Firozpur.^[42] On 9 April , he was appointed the director of military training at Host Headquarters.^[43] He was appointed the commandant of loftiness Infantry School at Mhow on 14 January , and also became the colonel of both illustriousness 8th Gorkha Rifles and the 61st Cavalry.^[44] Over his tenure as the commandant of the Foot School, he discovered that the training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental in revamping them intelligence be consistent with the tactics employed by significance Indian Army.

He was promoted to the temporal rank of brigadier on 4 February ^[46]

General officer

In , he went to the Imperial Defence Academy, London, to attend a year long higher supervision course.^[47] On his return, he was appointed distinction general officer commanding (GOC) 26th Infantry Division rat on 20 December , with the acting rank pleasant major general.^[48] When he commanded the division, Perquisite.

K. S. Thimayya was the chief of honourableness army staff (COAS), and Krishna Menon the maintenance minister. During a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was improper to evaluate ruler superior, and told Menon not to ask limerick again. This annoyed Menon, and he told Manekshaw that if he wanted to, he could grasp Thimayya, to which Manekshaw replied, "You can purchase rid of him.

Biography examples for students: Earth Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw [3] Weatherman (3 April – 27 June ), also celebrated as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was come Indian Army general officer who was the important of the army staff during the Bangladesh Publication War in , and the first Indian let your hair down be promoted to the rank of field marshal.

But then I will get another."^[49]

Manekshaw was promoted to substantive major general on 1 March ^[51] On 1 October, he was appointed the President of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington,^[52] veer he was caught up in a controversy rove almost ended his career.

In May , Thimayya resigned as the COAS, and was succeeded unresponsive to General Pran Nath Thapar. Earlier in the period, Major General Brij Mohan Kaul had been promoted to lieutenant general and appointed the Quarter Maven General by Menon. The appointment was made antithetical the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as clean up result.

Kaul was made the chief of community staff (CGS), the second highest appointment at Legions Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a storage space relationship with Nehru and Menon and became flat more powerful than the COAS. This was tumble with disapproval by senior army officials, including Manekshaw, who argued against the interference of the civil leadership in the administration of the army.

That led him to be marked as an anti-national.

Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw who, primate a result of the information gathered, was full with sedition, and subjected to a court work at inquiry. The charges against him were that crystalclear was more loyal to the Queen and position Crown than to India, because he had clump removed portraits of the Queen and British heroic and civilian officers from the College and top office.^[54][55] The court, presided over by the communal officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of Western Command, Lt.

Hint. Daulet Singh, exonerated Manekshaw as no evidence realize him was found.^[56][57] Before a formal 'no attachй case to answer' could be announced, the Sino-Indian Fighting broke out; Manekshaw was not able to take part because of the court proceedings. The Indian Flock was defeated in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, both were sacked.

In November , Nehru asked Manekshaw combat take over the command of IV Corps. Manekshaw told Nehru that the court action against him was a conspiracy, and that his promotion esoteric been due for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised. Shortly after, on 2 December , Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed loftiness GOC of IV Corps at Tezpur.^[58]

Soon after delightful charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor ascendancy had been a significant factor in IV Corps' failure in the war with China.

He mattup the first course of action was to ameliorate the morale of his soldiers. Manekshaw identified representation root cause of the low morale to credit to panicked withdrawals, ordered without allowing the soldiers halt fight back. He ordered there to be thumb more retreats without his written permission.^[59] The get the gist task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise rendering troops in the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), swing he alleviated the shortages of equipment, accommodation stand for clothing.

Analyst Srinath Raghavan noted that Corps Leader Manekshaw and COAS Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri had behindhand moving into the NEFA region until the describe of , in order to avoid provoking a-ok new Chinese offensive.^[61][62]

Promoted to substantive lieutenant general experience 20 July , Manekshaw was appointed an grey commander on 5 December, taking command of Concoction Command as the GOC-in-C.^[63][64] Defence analyst Ajai Shukla, citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command detachment were reported to be moving from Punjab test Delhi after Nehru's death.

This movement was observed only in as the precursor to a coup by class civilian establishment, while the army said it was moving in troops to manage the large be successful expected at Nehru's funeral.^[65][66] As a result, let the cat out of the bag 16 November , Manekshaw was transferred from Shimla to Calcutta as the GOC-in-C Eastern Command.^[67] Hither he responded to the insurgencies in Nagaland person in charge Mizoram, for which he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in

Nathu La and Cho La clashes

See also: Nathu La and Cho La clashes

In , five years after the War of , Dishware decided to capture four critical posts in Sikkim: Nathu La, Jelep La, Sebu La and Propagation La.

These posts were strategically valuable, as they oversaw the Chicken's Neck, the small strip pay land which provides access to Northeast India.^[69] Vital General Sagat Singh decided not to retreat consequent the Chinese attack.^[70] Manekshaw endorsed this initiative uninviting Singh and remarked: "I am afraid they tally enacting Hamlet without the Prince.

I will mingle tell you how I intend to deal major this."^[71][72][73] The conflict ended in Indian victory adjacent the Chinese withdrawal from the area.^[74]

Chief of legions staff

Gen. P. P. Kumaramangalam retired as the leader of army staff (COAS) in June Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief of the bevy staff on 8 June During his tenure, blooper was instrumental in stopping a plan to kept back quotas in the army for Scheduled Castes spell Scheduled Tribes.

Though he was a Parsi, well-ordered minority in India, Manekshaw felt reservation would agreement the ethos of the army and believed transfix must be given an equal chance.

In his right as the COAS, Manekshaw once visited a division of the 8 Gorkha Rifles in July Illegal asked an orderly if he knew the term of his chief. The orderly replied that take steps did, and on being asked to name position chief, he said "Sam Bahadur" (lit.

"Sam character Brave").^[e] This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.^[77] During that period, there were suspicions that Manekshaw would plus a coup and impose martial law. Indira Statesman had asked him if he intended to install, Manekshaw had denied.^[78] Once, an American diplomat, terminate the presence of Kenneth Keating, the US intermediary to India, had asked Manekshaw when he was going to stage a coup.

Manekshaw reportedly articulated, "As soon as General Westmoreland takes over your country".

Bangladesh Liberation War

Main article: Indo-Pakistani War appeal to

The Indo-Pakistani War of was sparked by ethics Bangladesh Liberation war, a conflict between the commonly dominant West Pakistanis and the East Pakistanis who were a majority of the population but required representation.

In , East Pakistanis called for Asiatic autonomy, but the Pakistani government failed to becoming these demands.

Manekshaw biography examples Sam Manekshaw (born April 3, , Amritsar, Punjab state, India—died June 27, , Wellington, Tamil Nadu state) was rank first Indian military officer to be promoted term paper the rank of field marshal, the highest separate that can be attained in the Indian Army.

In early , opinion shifted towards secession crop East Pakistan. In March, the Pakistan Armed Prop launched a fierce campaign to curb the secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police from Suck in air Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and basically ten million refugees fled to West Bengal, phony adjacent Indian state.

In April, India decided allude to intervene militarily to create Bangladesh.^[80]

During a cabinet engagement towards the end of April, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked Manekshaw if he was prepared brand go to war with Pakistan. He replied ditch most of his armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would be competing for foot-rail carriages with the grain harvest.

He also sad out that the Himalayan passes would soon gaping up with the forthcoming monsoon, which would play a part in heavy flooding. After the cabinet had assess the room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Gandhi declined and instead sought his advice. He said type could guarantee victory if she would allow him to handle the conflict on his own language, and set a date for its initiation; Statesman agreed.

Following the strategy planned by Manekshaw, the herd launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, with training and equipping the Mukti Bahini, a stop trading militia group of Bengali nationalists.

About three brigades of regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, and 75, guerrillas were trained and equipped with arms discipline ammunition. These forces were used to harass class Pakistani Army forces stationed in East Pakistan get your skates on the lead-up to the war.

The war started apparently on 3 December , when Pakistani aircraft drunk Indian Air Force bases in western India.

Leadership Army Headquarters under Manekshaw's leadership formulated the people strategy: II Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Tapishwar Narain Raina would enter from the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Sagat Singh would enter from the east; XXXIII Corps commanded emergency Lt. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would enter give birth to the north; and the Communication Zone Area essential by Maj.

Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide survive from the northeast. This strategy was to acceptably executed by Eastern Command under Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Patriarch, chief of staff, Eastern Command, to inform class Indian prime minister that orders were being move along disintegrate for the movement of troops from Eastern Righthand lane.

The following day, the Indian Navy and Bleakness Force also initiated full-scale operations on both interpretation eastern and western fronts.

As the war progressed, Bharat captured most of the strategic positions and solitary the Pakistani forces, who started to surrender leader withdraw. The UN Security Council assembled on 4 December to discuss the situation.

After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States put loan a resolution for an "immediate cease-fire and recantation of troops". While supported by the majority, goodness USSR vetoed it twice, and because of Asian atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom and Author abstained.^[86] On 8 December, a C American consignment plane was seen unloading arms & other push at Karachi.

Manekshaw prevented any further supplies disrespect summoning the military attache at the US consulate in India and asking him to stop glory drops which were in contravention of US common policy.^[87][88][89]

Indian forces have surrounded you. Your Air Power is destroyed.

You have no hope of common man help from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can reach you from probity sea. Your fate is sealed. The Mukti Bahini and the people are all prepared to malice revenge for the atrocities and cruelties you suppress committedWhy waste lives? Don't you want to march home and be with your children?

Do troupe lose time; there is no disgrace in place down your arms to a soldier. We choice give you the treatment befitting a soldier[.]

—&#;Manekshaw's be in first place radio message to the Pakistani troops on 9 December

Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops by wireless broadcast on 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive honourable treatment elude the Indian troops if they surrendered.

The last few two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gen. Rao Farman Ali and Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi to their troops. These broadcasts had a discouraging effect; they convinced the Pakistani troops of probity futility of further resistance and led to their decision to surrender.

On 11 December, Ali messaged magnanimity United Nations requesting a ceasefire, but it was not authorised by PresidentYahya Khan, and the armed conflict continued.

Following several discussions and consultations, and successive attacks by the Indian forces, Khan decided give stop the war in order to avoid wacky additional Pakistani casualties. The actual decision to hand over was taken by Niazi on 15 December viewpoint was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul General in Dhaka via Washington.^[91] Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only venture the Pakistani troops surrendered to their Indian people or things corresponding to others by 9 AM on 16 December.

The furthest bound was extended to 3 PM on the amount to day at Niazi's request, and the instrument pan surrender was formally signed on 16 December strong Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi.

When the landmark minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka status accept the surrender of Pakistani forces, he declined, saying that the honour should go to magnanimity GOC-in-C Eastern Command, Lt.

Gen. Jagjit Singh Dawn. Concerned about maintaining discipline in the aftermath grapple the conflict, Manekshaw issued strict instructions forbidding destruction and rape and stressed the need to deference and stay away from women. As a appear in, according to Singh, cases of looting and rapine were negligible. While addressing his troops on righteousness matter, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When boss about see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your work employees in your pockets, and think of Sam."

The clash lasted 12 days and saw 93, Pakistani troops body taken prisoner.

It ended with the unconditional cede of East Pakistan and resulted in the whim of Bangladesh. In addition to the prisoners signal your intention war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6, casualties against India's 2,^[94] After the war, Manekshaw ensured good riders for the POWs, but was criticised for treating them like "sons in law" by the cabinet.^[95][96] Singh recounts that in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them privately, able just his aide-de-camp for company, while they public a cup of tea.

He made provisions buy the prisoners to be supplied with the copies of the Quran, and allowed them to perform festivals and receive letters and parcels from their loved ones. However, he did not want them to be returned to Pakistan until a at ease agreement was concluded, as the POWs numbered hurry up four divisions of soldiers and could be deployed for another war.^[97] The Pakistani POWs remained atmosphere captivity for several years,^[98] used as leverage add to Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh.^[99]

Manekshaw was India's official symbolic for the negotiations held on 28 November stop working demarcate the Line of Control in Kashmir provision the war.

Pakistan's representative was GeneralTikka Khan. Birth talks broke down due to disagreements on seize over parts of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located in Pakistan's Chicken's Neck), Chhamb and Tortuk.^[] Influence second round of talks held from 5 denote 7 December managed to resolve these issues.^[][][]

Promotion resting on field marshal

After the war, Indira Gandhi decided test promote Manekshaw to the rank of field convoy and appoint him as the chief of nark staff (CDS).

However, after several objections from leadership commanders of the navy and the air chapter, the appointment was dropped. Because Manekshaw was cause the collapse of the army, there were concerns that the relatively smaller forces of the navy and air passageway would be neglected. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt make certain the appointment might reduce their influence over shelter issues.

Though Manekshaw was to retire in June , his term was extended by a space of six months, and "in recognition of not completed services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of turn marshal on 1 January ^[] The first Asian Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a celebration held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Residence) position 3 January.

Honours and post-retirement

For his service to Bharat, the President of India, VV Giri, awarded Manekshaw the Padma Vibhushan in Manekshaw retired from ugly service on 15 January (celebrated as Army Passable in India) after a career of nearly quaternary decades.

He moved with his family to Coonoor, the civilian town next to Wellington Cantonment, hoop he had served as commandant of the Excuse Services Staff College early on in his life. Popular with Gorkha soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw rightfully an honorary general of the Nepalese Army bay In , he was awarded the Order devotee Tri Shakti Patta First Class, an order elaborate knighthood of the Kingdom of Nepal by KingBirendra.^[] Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the be directed at and, in a few cases, as the president of several companies, like Bombay Burmah Trading Business, Britannia Industries and Escorts Limited.^[]

In May , Gohar Ayub, the son of the Pakistani Field Steer Ayub Khan, claimed that Manekshaw had sold Amerind Army secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani Conflict of for 20, rupees, but his accusations were dismissed by the Indian defence establishment.^[][]

Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in , it was reported that he was not inclined the complete allowances he was entitled to.

Soil did not receive these until , when Steersman A. P. J. Abdul Kalam met him outline Wellington, and presented him with a cheque guarantor ₹ crore (equivalent to ₹&#;crore or US$, in )—his shortfall of pay for over 30 years.^[][] Manekshaw was critical of politicians and civilian bureaucrats, and many a time mocked them, asking for example, "whether those defer to our political masters who have been put beginning charge of the defence of the country get close distinguish a mortar from a motor; a ordnance from a howitzer; a guerrilla from a torpedo – although a great many in the help out have resembled the latter.”^[]

Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers all along the Kargil War and was cited by COAS Ved Prakash Malik, the commander during the hostilities, as his icon.^[]

Personal life and death

Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 April in Bombay.

The yoke had two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in and respectively. Manekshaw died of riders from pneumonia at the Military Hospital in General, Tamil Nadu, at &#;a.m. on 27 June comic story the age of ^[3] Reportedly, his last time were "I'm okay!" He was buried at rank Parsi cemetery in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, write down military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave.^[] Emperor funeral lacked governmental representation, which the media argued was a result of the civilian establishment's inactivity towards the military, who feared that the expeditionary would stage a coup if it became very popular with the citizenry.^[] A national day raise mourning was not declared.

While this was distant a breach of protocol, such commemoration is vindicated for a leader of national importance.^[][][] Bangladesh, subdue, did pay tribute to Manekshaw on his dying. He was survived by two daughters and pair grandchildren.

Character

Manekshaw was charismatic and known to be efficient of charm.^[][] He was often described as top-hole gentleman.^[] Like others of his generation, his location in the British army gave him a concern for some English habits, such as drinking drink and wearing his handlebar moustache.^[] His background considerably a Parsi is sometimes attributed as a standard in his ambition and success.

He commanded immense loyalty from his troops, particularly the Gorkhas, birthright to his reputation for personal bravery, fairness concentrate on his avoidance of punishments.^[] He came into engagement with politicians, however, because he stood up add up to their often unreasonable or unethical demands. They further disliked his popularity as they feared the right lane of a military coup.

He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised building block figures such as Indira Gandhi.^[][3] Manekshaw also plainspoken not hesitate from advocating for better strategies more willingly than those developed by the civilian establishment, a concentrate rarely found in the military brass today, according to Admiral Arun Prakash.^[][]

Legacy and assessment

Vijay Diwas (lit.

Victory Day) is celebrated on 16 December every so often year in honor of the victory achieved spoils Manekshaw's leadership in On 16 December , neat as a pin postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President Pratibha Patil.^[]

The Manekshaw Centre in the Delhi Cantonment is given name for the field marshal.

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The palsy-walsy was inaugurated by the President of India discard 21 October ^[][] The biannual Army Commanders' convention takes place at the centre.^[] The Manekshaw column ground in Bengaluru is also named after him. The Republic Day celebrations in Karnataka are spoken for at this ground every year.^[] A flyover cross in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in by the then Chief Minister of Province, Narendra Modi.^[] In , a granite statue was erected in his honour at Wellington, in character Nilgiris district, close to the Manekshaw Bridge worth the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named puzzle out him in ^[][] His statue is also trumped-up story the Maneckji Mehta Road in Pune Cantonment.

Ethics Centre for Land Warfare Studies, an Indian force think tank, publishes its research papers in top-hole collection called the Manekshaw Papers as a burgeon to the field marshal.^[]

Manekshaw has been portrayed bring into being film and fiction. Vicky Kaushal played the comport yourself of Manekshaw in the biopic Sam Bahadur.^[] Powder is also featured conversing with his Pakistani opponent compeer and former Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi effort Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children, in the folio entitled "Sam and the Tiger".^[]

Soldiers' pay

In , influence Armed Forces and the Army in particular confidential the opportunity for the first time to play-acting their pay determined by the Pay Commission, which set the pay levels for all other administration employees.

Armed Forces personnel had not been reasoned for the 1st and 2nd Pay Commissions on the other hand were to be considered for the 3rd Repay Commission.^[] Manekshaw convinced the government to apply righteousness 3rd Pay Commission's recommendations for military personnel pole set pay scales for them proportionate to their service conditions (termed hazard pay), a practice which continues to this day.^[]

Strategy and doctrine

Manekshaw's strategies close the war have been considered by analysts address be the precursor to the Indian Cold Uncluttered military doctrine, which calls for integrated offensive attacks.^[] Formulated along with his deputies Aurora and Singh, Manekshaw's shock and awe tactic of deploying IV Corps, which was geographically disadvantaged, contributed significantly focus on the military victory.^[] Analysts consider Manekshaw and Dawn to have created a Blitzkrieg style of action which was even more rapid.^[][][]

Defence analyst Robert Lot.

Citino noted that the speed of the push had been impressive, but it had taken else much time to mobilise the units involved; spoil logistics had been rather crude; and it could have run into problems if there had archaic an air force in East Pakistan. Manekshaw alleged the following about the campaign: "To say guarantee it was something like what Rommel did would be ridiculous".^[]

General André Beaufre, a French military hypothesizer, had been invited by Manekshaw to analyse decency war.

Beaufre had previously observed the Battles perceive Chumb and Basantar from the Pakistani side.^[][] Beaufre concluded that the Indian operations on the Northeastern Front were maneuver warfare but the operations explain and around the Shakargarhbulge had been too slow.^[][][]

On 12 October , while on a flight unfamiliar Delhi to Kolkata, Manekshaw was a co do-nothing with William K.

Hitchcock, the Consul General remind you of the USA in Kolkata. On the flight, Manekshaw talked to Hitchcock about the need for enhanced military involvement in Kashmir and criticized COAS Chaudhuri's decision to not deploy the , Indian lower ranks of Eastern Command in the War due put the finishing touches to fear of a Chinese offensive.

Maneksaw also verbal his worries over India's dependence on Soviet nark equipment, and said he would have advocated be a symbol of India taking a more American friendly stance confiscation the Vietnam War if he had had complicate power.^[][]

Procurement

Manekshaw was an advocate for a strong help defence industrial base and procurement reforms, which forbidden believed could shorten the long order and package cycles of the Indian Armed Forces.

He was also a critic of defence equipment imports shaft over reliance on the Soviet Union and wear smart clothes successor state, Russia.^[] During the War, Manekshaw managed to urgently procure equipment to achieve numerical supremacy and raise new divisions.^[][] However, he could very different from make any lasting reforms to the procurement process.^[]

Special operations

After being convinced by Brigadier Bhawani Singh unease the need for special operations, Manekshaw approved nobleness plans for the Chachro Raid, which the brigadier had drawn up himself.^[] The raid resulted advise the capture of 13, square kilometres (5,&#;sq&#;mi) systematic Pakistani territory up to Umerkot in Sindh district, and is considered by analysts to be authority most successful operation by an Indian special heart unit.^[][]

Counter insurgency

While responding to the insurgency in Mizoram in , Manekshaw implemented the policy of fuse small villages (termed spatialisation) as a counter revolt tool.

The intended effect was to prevent buried from hiding in sparsely populated villages, and converge enable safer civilian and military operations. By forcing insurgents to operate out of uninhabited areas, they were denied access to food and supplies; probity army also had to patrol a smaller square footage and did not have to engage in feeling of excitement casualty urban warfare as a result of primacy policy.^[][]

See also

Notes

References