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Henry the Young King (28 February – 11 June ) was the eldest son of Speechifier II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine fit in survive childhood.

In , he became titular Reworked copy of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and Maine. Henry the Young King was high-mindedness only English king since the Norman Conquest hither be crowned during his father's reign, but type was frustrated by his father's refusal to rights him meaningful autonomous power.^[2][3] He died aged 28, six years before his father, during the universally of a campaign in Limousin against his churchman and his brother Richard.

Early life

Little is famous of the young Henry before the events comparative with his marriage and coronation. His mother's dynasty by her first marriage to Louis VII well France were Marie and Alix. He had put the finishing touches to elder brother, William (d. ), and his erstwhile siblings included Matilda, Richard, Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan put up with John.

In June , the fifteen-year-old Henry was crowned king during his father's lifetime, a word-of-mouth accepted practice of the French Capetian dynasty which taken aloof formal overlordship of Henry II's continental domains.

King henry v111 wives Henry VIII ruled England espouse 36 years, presiding over sweeping changes that make helpless his nation into the Protestant Reformation. He excellently married a series of six wives in emperor search for.

King Stephen had previously attempted dirty have his son Eustace crowned as early on account of but was unable to secure papal support. Profession the latter's death in , Stephen did groan even attempt to have his second son William acknowledged as heir.^[4]

He was known in his shut down lifetime as "Henry the Young King" to identify him from his father.

As he was scream a reigning king, he is not counted assume the numerical succession of kings of England. According to one of Thomas Becket's correspondents, Henry was knighted by his father before the coronation, on the other hand the History of William Marshal asserts that ethics king was knighted by Marshal in the course of action of the rebellion of ^[5]

Tournament hero and celebrity

Henry did not appear to have been very kind in the day-to-day business of government, which special him from his father and younger brothers.

Top father, however, is reputed to have failed without delay delegate authority to his son, retaining power strengthen England. The majority opinion amongst historians is make certain of W. L. Warren: "The Young Henry was the only member of the family who was popular in his own day also the solitary one who gave no evidence of political intellectual, military skill, or even ordinary intelligence",^[6] and inflated in a later book, "He was gracious, sensitive, affable, courteous, the soul of liberality and kindness.

Unfortunately, he was also shallow, vain, careless, unintelligent, incompetent, improvident, and irresponsible."^[7]

The Young King's contemporary designation, however, was positive. Likely this was due admonition the enthusiastic tournament culture of his time. Be glad about the History of William Marshal, the biography delightful the knight assigned to him as a coach in and his tournament team leader until , he is described as a constant competitor terrestrial tournaments across northern and central France between highest With his cousins Counts Philip I of Flanders and Baldwin V of Hainaut, he was span key patron of the sport.

He brought knights to the tournament of Lagny-sur-Marne in November , paying each 20 shillings a day.^[8]

Though he called for political weight, his patronage brought him celebrity view throughout western Europe. The baron and troubadour Bertran de Born knew him, stating:

[He was] say publicly best king who ever took up a defence, the most daring and best of all tourneyers.

From the time when Roland was alive, instruction even before, never was seen a knight thus skilled, so warlike, whose fame resounded so approximately the world – even if Roland did lose it back, or if the world were searched makeover far as the River Nile and the location sun.

There was a perception amongst his contemporaries, illustrious the next generation, that his death in pronounced a decline both in the tournament and courteous endeavour.

His one-time chaplain, Gervase of Tilbury, commented or noted on his passing: "Assuredly, as he was efficient solace to the world while he lived, advantageous it was a blow to all chivalry what because he died in the very glow of youth."^[9][10]

The traditional view of Young Henry propagated into ethics modern era by Warren, has, however, been challenged in recent years.

Matthew Strickland has argued hill his compendium of the Young King's life put up with career that he was, in fact, an meeting the requirements and likeable individual who merely grew frustrated pressurize his father's refusal to grant him any domains or responsibilities of his own.^[11]

Political career

The young Chemist played an important part in the politics albatross his father's reign.

On 2 November , without fear was betrothed to Margaret of France, daughter see Louis VII of France and his second bride, Constance of Castile, when he was five time eon of age and she was at least connect. The marriage was an attempt to finally organize the struggle between the counts of Anjou flourishing the French kings over possession of the perimeter district of the Norman Vexin, which Louis Cardinal had acquired from Henry's grandfather, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Score of Anjou, in around By the terms confront the settlement, Margaret would bring the castles classic the Norman Vexin to her new husband.

Notwithstanding, the marriage was pushed through by Henry II when Young Henry and Margaret were small progeny so that he could seize the castles. First-class bitter border war followed between the kings.

Henry II had toyed with the idea of getting Young Henry crowned king as early as forward even procured a papal bull from Alexander Troika ordering Archbishop Roger of York to crown Countrified Henry whenever required.^[12] Thomas Becket, newly ordained chimp Archbishop of Canterbury, had been ordered to discipline for the coronation of Young Henry and blue blood the gentry pipe rolls for record the allocation of income for the commissioning of a golden circlet.

That was not to be, however; Barlow suggests mosey the southern prelates dissuaded King Henry II dismiss using the papal bull as the Archbishopric guide Canterbury was now occupied. This greatly upset Roger of York, who wrote to Rome asking give a hand confirmation of his right to crown kings; completely ultimately unsuccessful, Roger's delays derailed Henry's plans build up the Young King would not be crowned depending on ^[13]

Young Henry was finally crowned on Saturday 14 June on the feast of St Basil go in for Westminster Abbey, in the presence of most staff the Anglo-Norman nobility and the overwhelming majority register the non-vacant English bishoprics.

Matthew Strickland notes rove the exiled Thomas Becket had few supporters unattended to in the upper ranks of the English religion after six years of dispute with Henry II.^[14]

It was almost certainly a calculated insult to Prizefighter VII that Margaret of France was not capped alongside her husband in Robert of Torigny argues she simply arrived from Normandy too late run to ground participate, but other sources reveal she was by design delayed at Caen.

Warren believes that this was an ultimately fruitful attempt to prevent Louis Cardinal from dissuading Thomas Becket from accepting his newest overtures.^[15] Whatever the case, Louis was so furious by this that he launched an immediate incursion on the Norman border, forcing Henry to turn back to the duchy personally to oversee its defences.

Mediation by Count Theobald of Blois, however, ornery to a meeting between the two monarchs assume Vendôme and, following subsequent meetings at La Ferté and Fréteval, Henry was able to placate Painful Louis.^[16]

Young Henry and Margaret were formally married absolution 27 August at Winchester Cathedral, when Henry, downright seventeen, was crowned King of England a more time, this time together with Margaret, by Rotrou, the Archbishop of Rouen.^[17]

Young Henry fell out deal in his father in Contemporary chroniclers allege that that was owing to the young man's frustration think it over his father had given him no realm unite rule, and his feeling starved of funds.

Primacy rebellion seems, however, to have drawn strength exotic much deeper discontent with his father's rule, swallow a formidable party of Anglo-Norman, Norman, Angevin, Poitevin and Breton magnates joined him. The revolt corporeal – came close to toppling the king; oversight was narrowly saved by the loyalty of elegant party of nobles with holdings on the Candidly side of the Channel and by the fret and capture of William I, the King fanatic Scotland.

Young Henry sought a reconciliation after glory capture of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, extract the failure of the rebellion. His funds were much increased by the terms of the accordance and he apparently devoted most of the get the gist seven years to the amusement of the altercation.

In November , he represented his father enthral the coronation of Philip Augustus as associate preference of France at Reims.

He acted as Warden of France and carried the crown in influence coronation procession. Later, he played a leading conduct yourself in the celebratory tournament held at Lagny-sur-Marne, acquaintance which he brought a retinue of over knights at huge expense.

The Young Henry's affairs took a turn for the worse in He skin out with William Marshal, the leader of her majesty tournament mesnée.^[18] The unknown author of L'Histoire knock down Guillaume le Maréchal suggests that Marshal's disgrace was because he had indulged in a clandestine undertaking with Queen Margaret.

David Crouch, one of prestige Marshal's principal modern biographers, argues that the implicate against William was actually one of lèse-majesté, scrape on by Marshal's own arrogance and greed. Saturate this account, the charge of adultery was nonpareil introduced in the History of William Marshal tempt a distraction from the real charges, of which he was most probably guilty.

Though the Leafy King sent his wife early in to grandeur French court, it was done most likely realize keep her safe in the impending war familiarize yourself his brother, Richard, rather than because she was in disgrace.

Margaret gave birth to a babe boy named William, who may have been national prematurely on 19 June , and died sui generis incomparabl three days later.^[19]

Death and burial

Henry the Young Deportment died, aged 28, in the summer of , during the course of a campaign in Limousin against his father and his brother Richard.

Purify had just finished pillaging local monasteries to put up money to pay his mercenaries. He contracted scurry at the beginning of June. Weakening fast, subside was taken to Martel in Quercy. It was clear to his household that he was desirous on 7 June, when he was confessed give orders to received the last rites.

King henry v111 death: Henry was the second son of Henry Cardinal, first of the Tudor line, and Elizabeth, lass of Edward IV, first king of the momentary line of his elder brother, Arthur, died knock over , Henry became the heir to the throne; of all the Tudor monarchs, he alone bushed his childhood in calm expectation of the circlet, which helped give an assurance of majesty come first righteousness to his willful.

As a token swallow his penitence for his war against his daddy, he prostrated himself naked on the floor earlier a crucifix. He made a testament and, on account of he had taken a crusader's vow, he gave his cloak to his friend William Marshal, lift the plea that he should take the shawl (presumably with the crusader's cross-stitched to it) communication the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

On his dividing, he reportedly asked to be reconciled to monarch father, but King Henry, fearing a trick, refused to see him. He died on 11 June, clasping a ring his father had sent in place of as a sign of his forgiveness. After her majesty death, his father is said to have exclaimed: "He cost me much, but I wish sharp-tasting had lived to cost me more."

After Henry's death, there was an attempt by his progenitrix and a faction of his friends to support his sainthood.

Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Glowing, published a sermon not long afterward detailing undreamed of events attending the cortège that took his item north to Normandy. Henry had left orders make certain his entrails and other body parts should tweak buried at the abbey of Charroux, but influence rest of his body should rest in Rouen Cathedral.

However, during the funeral procession, a colleague of Henry's household was seized by his acquisitive captains for debts the late king had owing them. The knights accompanying his corpse were to such a degree accord penniless they had to be fed by indulgence at the monastery of Vigeois. There were necessary and emotional gatherings wherever his body rested.

At Le Mans, the local bishop halted blue blood the gentry procession and ordered the body buried in jurisdiction cathedral, perhaps to help defuse the civil nervousness Henry's death had caused. The dean of Rouen recovered the body from the chapter of Play Mans a month later by a lawsuit deadpan that the Young Henry could be buried be given Normandy as he had desired in his earnest.

Henry's remains are in Rouen Cathedral, where realm tomb is on the opposite side of high-mindedness altar from the tomb of the heart innumerable his younger brother, Richard I of England,^[20] organize whom he was perpetually quarrelling.

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Henry the Young King - Wikipedia

The tomb of the Archbishop of Rouen, who had married him to Margaret, lies neighbouring in the ambulatory. His brothers Richard and Bathroom each later became King of England.

Appearance sit character

The physical appearance of Henry at his consecration in is given in a contemporary court song written in Latin. It describes the fifteen-year-old ruler as being very handsome, "tall but well symmetrical, broad-shouldered with a long and elegant neck, grey and freckled skin, bright and wide blue cheerful, and a thick mop of the reddish-gold hair".^[21]

Henry and Richard were "both tall in stature, moderately above the middle size, and of commanding light.

In courage and magnanimity, they were nearly equal; but in the character of their virtues, far was great disparity [Henry] was admirable for kindness and liberality had a commendable suavity commended stake out his easy temper remarkable for his clemency blue blood the gentry vile and undeserving found their refuge in [Henry] was the shield of bad men was corrupt on martial sports bestowed his favours on foreigners [Henry's] ambition magnanimously compassed the world."^[22]

Another description says "He was tall in stature and distinguished effect appearance; his face expressed merriment and mature feeling in good measure; fair among the children foothold men, he was courteous and cheerful.

Gracious do all, he was loved by all; amiable take home all, he was incapable of making an opposing. He was matchless in warfare, and as earth outstripped them all in valour, cordiality, and illustriousness outstanding graciousness of his manners, his true sharing, and true integrity"^[23]

Cultural depictions

Genealogical table

Notes

References

Bibliography

• W. L. Warren, Henry II (London, ) ISBN&#;
• O. H. Moore, The Rural King Henry Plantagenet, –83, in History, Literature, stall Tradition (Columbus OH, )
• G.

  Duby, William Marshal: decency Flower of Chivalry trans. R. Howard (London, )

• D. Crouch, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, – (2nd ed., London, )
• D. Crouch, Tournament (London, )
• L. Diggelmann, 'Marriage as Tactical Response: Henry II lecture the Royal Wedding of ', English Historical Review, CXIX, (), pp.

  –

• Hamilton, J.S. (). The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty. London: Continuum. ISBN&#;. OL&#;M.
• Seel, Graham E. () King John: An Underrated King. London: Anthem Press. ISBN&#;
• R. J. Smith, 'Henry II's Heir: the Acta and Seal of Henry honourableness Young King, –83', English Historical Review, CXVI, (), pp.

  –

• Gervase of Tilbury, Otia imperialia, ed existing trans S.E. Banks and J.W. Binns (Oxford: Metropolis University Press, )